Basal Cell Carcinoma of the skin.
Introduction
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer that develops from the basal cells of the epidermis. Although it rarely metastasizes, its local spread can lead to significant tissue damage. Early detection and treatment are key to limiting its impact on a patient's health.
Symptoms of basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Early symptoms of basal cell carcinoma may include small, pearly nodules or spots that may bleed or form scabs. These lesions often appear on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears and neck. It is important to look out for lesions that do not heal for a long time and consult a dermatologist.
Causes and risk factors
Genetics and heredity
Some people have a greater genetic predisposition to developing basal cell carcinoma. Mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair may increase the risk of this cancer.
Exposure to UV radiation
Ultraviolet radiation from natural sunlight and tanning beds is a major cause of basal cell carcinoma. Prolonged exposure without adequate protection can lead to skin damage and an increased risk of cancer.
Other risk factors
People with fair skin, freckles and light hair are at higher risk. A history of sunburn, especially as a child, and skin prone to burning are other important risk factors.
Diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma
Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is based on a physical examination and the patient's medical history. The dermatologist evaluates the appearance of the skin lesions and their location.
The role of biopsy in diagnosis
Biopsy is a key diagnostic tool, allowing a thorough examination of suspicious skin lesions under a microscope. This allows confirmation of the presence of cancer cells and the establishment of an appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment of basal cell carcinoma
Surgical treatment options
Mohs method
The Mohs method involves the gradual removal of thin layers of skin and their immediate examination under a microscope. This allows the entire tumor to be removed with minimal damage to healthy tissue.
Surgical excision
Standard surgical excision involves removing the lesion with a margin of healthy skin. This is an effective method, especially in less complicated cases.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is mainly used in cases where surgery is not possible or the patient is unable to undergo the procedure. It is also an option for patients who do not want surgery.
Topical and systemic therapies
Topical medications, such as imiquimod, can be used to treat superficial forms of basal cell carcinoma. Systemic therapies are rarely used, but can be an option in advanced cases.
Side effects and complications of treatment
Treatment of basal cell carcinoma can be associated with short-term side effects, such as pain, swelling and redness at the treatment site. Long-term complications may include scarring and aesthetic changes that may require further correction. It is important for patients to be aware of the potential effects of treatment and discuss them with their doctor before deciding on therapy.
Prognosis and course of disease
The prognosis of basal cell carcinoma is usually good, especially with early detection and proper treatment. Factors such as location, size and type of tumor can affect prognosis. Survival statistics are very high, and most patients experience a full recovery after appropriate therapy.
Preventing basal cell carcinoma
Protection from the sun
The most important step in preventing basal cell carcinoma is to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. Wearing protective clothing, using UV sunscreen and avoiding sunbathing during peak hours are the basic rules.
Regular skin examinations
Regular skin self-examination and dermatological examinations can help detect suspicious lesions early. It is important to consult a dermatologist if you notice any worrisome changes.
Lifestyle and diet
A healthy lifestyle, including a diet rich in antioxidants, can promote skin health and reduce the risk of cancer. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption also has a positive effect.
Differences between basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers
Basal cell carcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two most common types of skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is more aggressive and has a higher risk of metastasis than basal cell carcinoma. However, both types require early detection and treatment.
Other types of skin cancer
In addition to basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma is another serious type of skin cancer. It is characterized by rapid growth and a high ability to metastasize, which makes it more dangerous.
Summary
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin is a common but usually harmless cancer that has a very good prognosis when detected and treated early. Understanding risk factors, symptoms, and prevention and treatment methods is key. Education and health awareness play an important role in skin cancer prevention.
