Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Introduction

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer that develops from the basal cells of the epidermis. Although it rarely metastasises, its local spread can lead to significant tissue damage. Early detection and treatment are key to limiting its impact on the patient's health.

Symptoms of basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Early symptoms of basal cell carcinoma may include small, pearly nodules or patches that may bleed or form scabs. These lesions often appear on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears and neck. It is important to look out for lesions that do not heal for a long time and consult a dermatologist.

Causes and risk factors

Genetics and heredity

Some people have a greater genetic predisposition to develop basal cell carcinoma. Mutations in genes responsible for DNA repair may increase the risk of this cancer.

Exposure to UV radiation

Ultraviolet radiation from natural sunlight and tanning beds is a major cause of basal cell carcinoma. Long-term exposure without adequate protection can lead to skin damage and an increased risk of cancer.

Other risk factors

People with fair skin, freckles and fair hair are at higher risk. A history of sunburn, especially as a child, and skin prone to burning are other important risk factors.

Diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis is based on physical examination and the patient's medical history. The dermatologist assesses the appearance of the skin lesions and their location.

The role of biopsy in diagnosis

The biopsy is a key diagnostic tool, allowing the suspicious skin lesions to be carefully examined under a microscope. This allows confirmation of the presence of cancer cells and the establishment of an appropriate treatment plan.

Treatment of basal cell carcinoma

Surgical treatment options

Mohs method

The Mohs method involves the gradual removal of thin layers of skin and their immediate examination under a microscope. This allows the entire tumour to be removed with minimal damage to healthy tissue.

Surgical excision

Standard surgical excision involves removing the lesion with a margin of healthy skin. This is an effective method, especially in less complicated cases.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is mainly used in cases where surgery is not possible or the patient is unable to undergo the procedure. It is also an option for patients who do not want surgery.

Topical and systemic therapies

Topical drugs, such as imiquimod, can be used to treat superficial forms of basal cell carcinoma. Systemic therapies are rarely used, but may be an option in advanced cases.

Side effects and complications of treatment

Treatment of basal cell carcinoma may be associated with short-term side effects such as pain, swelling and redness at the treatment site. Long-term complications may include scarring and aesthetic changes that may require further correction. It is important that patients are aware of the potential effects of treatment and discuss them with their doctor before deciding on treatment.

Prognosis and disease course

The prognosis of basal cell carcinoma is usually good, especially with early detection and appropriate treatment. Factors such as location, size and type of tumour can affect prognosis. Survival statistics are very high and most patients experience a full recovery after appropriate therapy.

Prevention of basal cell carcinoma

Protection from the sun

The most important step in preventing basal cell carcinoma is to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. Wearing protective clothing, using UV sunscreen and avoiding sunbathing during peak hours are the basic rules.

Regular skin examinations

Regular self-examination of the skin and dermatological examinations can help to detect suspicious changes at an early stage. It is important to consult a dermatologist if you notice any worrying changes.

Lifestyle and diet

A healthy lifestyle, including a diet rich in antioxidants, can support skin health and reduce the risk of cancer. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption also has a positive effect.

Differences between basal cell carcinoma and other skin cancers

Basal cell carcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two most common types of skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is more aggressive and has a higher risk of metastasis than basal cell carcinoma. However, both types require early detection and treatment.

Other types of skin cancer

In addition to basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma is another serious type of skin cancer. It is characterised by rapid growth and a high capacity to metastasise, making it more dangerous.

Summary

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin is a common but usually benign tumour that has a very good prognosis when detected and treated early. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms and methods of prevention and treatment is key. Education and health awareness play an important role in skin cancer prevention.