Psoriasis

What is psoriasis?

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and sometimes the joints. It is characterised by the rapid proliferation of skin cells, which leads to their accumulation on the skin surface. This results in scaly, red patches that can be itchy and painful. Psoriasis affects approximately 2% of the population worldwide and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Epidemiology and prevalence

Psoriasis is found worldwide, although its prevalence and symptoms can vary by region and ethnic group. The disease is equally common in men and women, and the first symptoms usually appear between the ages of 15 and 35. Although psoriasis can occur at any age, its occurrence in children is relatively rare.

Symptoms of psoriasis

Psoriasis manifests itself through characteristic skin lesions, which can take different forms depending on the type of psoriasis. The most typical are red patches covered with silvery scales. The skin may be dry, cracked and bleeding. Other symptoms include itching, burning and pain in the affected areas.

Symptoms of scalp psoriasis

Scalp psoriasis is one of the most common types of psoriasis. It manifests itself by red, scaly patches that can appear on the entire scalp or only on part of it. The lesions are often accompanied by intense itching, which can lead to scratching and further irritation of the skin.

Nail psoriasis

Nail psoriasis can lead to changes in nail colour, thickening, brittleness and the formation of pits on the surface. The nails may separate from the nail bed (onycholysis), which is sometimes painful and can increase the risk of infection.

Causes and risk factors

Psoriasis is a complex disease and its exact cause is not fully understood. It is thought to be the result of an abnormal immune system reaction in which the body attacks its own skin cells.

Genetics and inheritance

Genes play an important role in the development of psoriasis. People with a family history of the disease have a higher risk of developing it. However, not every person with a genetic predisposition will develop psoriasis, suggesting that other factors are also involved.

Environmental factors

Environmental factors such as infections, skin trauma, stress, smoking and alcohol consumption can trigger or exacerbate psoriasis. Even changes in the weather can affect the severity of the disease's symptoms.

Psoriasis and stress

Stress is recognised as one of the main triggers and exacerbators of psoriasis symptoms. People with psoriasis often experience an exacerbation of symptoms in stressful situations.

Psoriasis diagnosis

The diagnosis of psoriasis is mainly based on a clinical examination. The dermatologist assesses the characteristic skin lesions and interviews the patient. In some cases, a skin biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Differentiation with other skin diseases

Psoriasis can be confused with other skin diseases such as eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis or ringworm. Differentiation is based on the analysis of clinical symptoms and, if necessary, the results of additional tests. Accurate diagnosis is key to choosing the appropriate treatment.

Treatment of psoriasis

The treatment of psoriasis depends on the severity and location of the lesions. The aim of therapy is to reduce inflammation and slow down excessive skin cell growth.

Pharmacological treatment

Drugs used to treat psoriasis include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors and immunosuppressants. In more severe cases, biologic drugs may be used.

Topical therapies

Topical treatment of psoriasis is the first choice in mild cases. Ointments, creams and gels with active ingredients that directly affect the skin lesions are used.

Modern biological therapies

Biological therapies target specific elements of the immune system that are involved in the development of psoriasis. They are particularly effective in moderate to severe cases, but require close medical monitoring.

Natural remedies for psoriasis

Many people with psoriasis look for ways to relieve their symptoms using natural methods. While these do not replace medical therapies, they can be a helpful supplement.

• Home methods to relieve symptoms: These include bathing in Epsom salts, moisturising the skin with coconut oil, using aloe vera and avoiding irritating soaps and detergents.
• Dietary supplements and their effectiveness: Some studies suggest that supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3s and probiotics can support skin health. It is always advisable to consult your doctor before starting supplements.

Diet and psoriasis

Diet can play a significant role in the management of psoriasis symptoms. Although there is no one diet that works for everyone, certain foods can affect the course of the disease.

The role of diet in managing the disease

A healthy, balanced diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains and lean protein can support overall health and reduce inflammation in the body. It is also worth avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and processed foods, which can exacerbate symptoms.

Recommended products and avoided foods

It is recommended to eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish and nuts. It is also important to limit products containing gluten, sugar and trans fats, which can worsen skin conditions.

Living with psoriasis

Living with psoriasis can be challenging, but appropriate support and management strategies can improve quality of life. The disease affects not only physical health, but also mental and social wellbeing.

Impact on quality of life

Psoriasis can lead to lower self-esteem and increased stress levels, which in turn affects social and professional relationships. Understanding the disease and its symptoms is key to better managing stigma and emotional challenges.

Advice on daily functioning

Appropriate skin care, a healthy diet, regular physical activity and relaxation techniques can help reduce symptoms. It is also important to seek support in patient groups and talk to loved ones about your experiences.

Psoriasis in children

Psoriasis in children can manifest differently than in adults, and its diagnosis and treatment require a specific approach. Parents and carers play a key role in managing the disease in the youngest.

Specificity of symptoms in the youngest

In children, psoriasis can present as small, red patches that are easily overlooked or confused with other skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. Symptoms may also include lesions in the nappy area, which requires special attention.

Therapeutic approach in paediatrics

Treatment of psoriasis in children is based on mild topical preparations and support for a healthy lifestyle. In more severe cases, specialist intervention and more advanced treatment may be necessary.

Myths and facts about psoriasis

Psoriasis is often surrounded by myths and misconceptions that can affect the public's perception of the disease.

The most common misconceptions

• "Psoriasis is contagious". - This is not true. Psoriasis is not a contagious disease and cannot be transmitted from person to person.
• "Psoriasis is only a skin problem " - In fact, it is an autoimmune disease that can affect the whole body, including the joints.
• "Only adults suffer from psoriasis". - Psoriasis can affect people of all ages, including children.

Facts backed by research

Research confirms that psoriasis is a disease with a complex genetic and immunological background. Modern therapies can effectively manage its symptoms and improve patients' quality of life.

Summary

Psoriasis is a chronic disease that requires an understanding and comprehensive approach to treatment. Educating patients and their relatives about the symptoms, causes and treatment options is crucial. Modern therapies offer increasingly better options for managing the disease, and research continues to find new solutions that can bring relief to patients.

Sources and additional materials

For more in-depth information, it is helpful to consult scientific literature and use reliable online sources, such as the websites of dermatological societies and patient organisations. Knowledge is the key to successful psoriasis management and improved quality of life.