Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Introduction

Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease caused by a reactivation of the Varicella Zoster virus, which is also responsible for chickenpox. After having had smallpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and herpes zoster occurs when the virus reactivates, often many years later.

A brief overview of Varicella Zoster virus

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is a virus in the Herpesviridae family that remains latent in the body's ganglia after the initial chickenpox infection. Reactivation of the virus leads to hemiplegia, characterised by painful rashes.

Causes and risk factors

How does reactivation of the virus occur?

Varicella Zoster virus reactivation can be caused by a number of factors, including a weakened immune system, stress, chronic disease and ageing. The virus travels along the nerves to the skin, causing the characteristic symptoms of hemiplegia.

Factors that increase the risk of zoster

The risk of hemiplegia increases with age and also in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with cancer, HIV or after organ transplants. Stress, trauma and certain immunosuppressive drugs can also increase the risk of virus reactivation.

Symptoms of herpes zoster

Typical skin symptoms

Shingles is characterised by a vesicular rash that usually appears on one side of the body along the course of a nerve. Typical symptoms include painful blisters that develop into scabs over time.

Systemic symptoms

In addition to skin lesions, shingles can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, weakness, headaches and malaise. In some cases, neurological complaints such as neuropathic pain may also occur.

Facial hemiplegia and its peculiarities

When hemiplegia occurs on the face, it can affect the trigeminal nerve, leading to serious complications such as loss of vision or hearing. Symptoms include facial pain, a rash around the eyes, nose or ears.

Diagnosis of shingles

How is shingles diagnosed?

The diagnosis of herpes zoster is usually based on characteristic clinical signs, such as a unilateral vesicular rash and pain. Doctors may also order laboratory tests to confirm the presence of the virus.

Laboratory and imaging tests

Laboratory tests include blood tests and analysis of blister fluid. In some cases, imaging tests such as an MRI or CT scan may be necessary if the internal structures of the head are affected by herpes zoster.

Treatment of herpes zoster

Pharmacological treatment

Treatment of hemiplegia includes the use of antiviral drugs to help shorten the duration of the disease and relieve symptoms. It is important to start treatment as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.

Non-pharmacological methods

In addition to pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological methods such as rest, adequate hydration and the application of cold compresses to the affected skin to relieve pain and itching are important.

Importance of early intervention

Early treatment is crucial to reduce the risk of complications, such as postherpetic neuralgia, and to speed up the healing process.

Complications of herpes zoster

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia is neuropathic pain that may persist long after the rash has subsided. It is one of the most common complications of herpes zoster and requires appropriate analgesic treatment.

Other potential complications

Hemiplegia can lead to complications such as loss of vision, hearing or facial nerve palsy. In rare cases, encephalitis or meningitis can occur.

Shingles and the immune system

How does shingles affect the immune system?

Hepatitis can weaken the immune system, especially in older people and those with chronic illnesses. During the illness, the body is more susceptible to secondary infections.

The importance of immune support

Supporting the immune system through a healthy diet, regular physical activity and avoiding stress is key in the prevention and treatment of herpes zoster. Vitamin and mineral supplementation, such as vitamin C and zinc, can support immune system function.

Prevention of herpes zoster

Vaccination against herpes zoster

The herpes zoster vaccine is an effective preventative measure, especially for people over 50 years of age. It helps to reduce the risk of herpes zoster and its complications.

Lifestyle and diet in prevention

A healthy lifestyle, including a proper diet rich in vitamins and minerals, regular physical activity and avoidance of stress, play an important role in the prevention of hemiplegia. Consumption of immune-boosting foods such as fruit, vegetables, nuts and fish is recommended.

Measles and chickenpox

Differences and similarities between shingles and chickenpox

Shingles and chickenpox are caused by the same virus, but differ in their course and symptoms. Chickenpox manifests as a generalised rash all over the body, while shingles affects a specific area of the skin.

Is it possible to contract shingles without having had chickenpox before?

No, in order to contract shingles, a person must have previously had chickenpox. The virus remains dormant in the body and can become active as hemiplegia later in life.

Shingles in different age groups

Shingles in children

Shingles in children is rare but can occur, especially in those who have undergone chickenpox in early childhood. Symptoms are similar to those in adults, but the course of the disease is usually milder.

Shingles in adults and older people

In adults and older people, shingles is more common and can have a more severe course. The risk of complications, such as postherpetic neuralgia, is also higher in this age group.

Conclusions

Shingles, although common in the elderly, can affect anyone who has had chickenpox. Education and prevention, including vaccination and a healthy lifestyle, are key to preventing the disease and its complications. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve patients' quality of life.

FAQ

Is shingles contagious?

Shingles is not contagious in a direct way, but a person with shingles can pass the virus to someone who has not had chickenpox, resulting in chickenpox.

How long does herpes last?

The symptoms of herpes zoster usually resolve within 2 to 4 weeks, but neuropathic pain can last longer.