erythema migrans - Lyme disease (Borrelia)

What is erythema migrans?

Migratory erythema is one of the most characteristic symptoms of Lyme disease, a tick-borne disease. It is characterised by the appearance of a red patch on the skin, which usually enlarges over time to form characteristic rings.

Definition and characteristics

Migratory erythema usually appears at the site of a tick bite. Its edge is clearly demarcated and the centre may be paler. It can take different shapes and sizes, but is usually more than 5 cm in diameter.

Causes and risk factors

Causes of Lyme disease

Lyme disease is caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. The most common bacterial species in Europe is Borrelia burgdorferi.

Risk factors

The highest risk of Lyme disease infection is in areas where ticks are common, such as forests and tall grasses. The seasonality of infection is in late spring and early autumn. People who spend a lot of time outdoors in these areas are most at risk.

Symptoms of erythema migrans

First symptoms

Migratory erythema usually appears between 3 and 30 days after a tick bite. Initially, it may be a small red spot that gradually enlarges. It is important not to confuse it with an allergic reaction to the bite.

Associated symptoms

In addition to the skin lesion, Lyme disease can manifest as fever, headache, fatigue and joint pain. If these symptoms occur, it is important to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic methods

The diagnosis of erythema migrans is mainly based on clinical observation. Serological tests can support the diagnosis, but are not always authoritative in the initial phase of the disease.

Differentiation from other diseases

Migratory erythema can be confused with skin allergies or other infections. It is important for the doctor to consider the context of the tick bite and other symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment options

Migratory erythema is treated with antibiotics, which are most effective in the early stages of the disease. Penicillin and doxycycline are the most commonly used drugs.

Duration of treatment

Treatment with antibiotics usually lasts between 2 and 4 weeks. Symptom improvement usually occurs within a few days to a week after starting therapy.

Prevention

Prevention

To prevent tick bites, it is advisable to wear protective clothing in wooded areas, use repellents and inspect the body carefully after returning from a trip.

Education and awareness

Increasing awareness of Lyme disease and erythema migrans through health education is key to preventing the disease. Regular public campaigns can help raise awareness of the dangers of ticks.

Complications

Possible complications

Untreated erythema migrans can lead to serious complications, including arthritis, neurological and cardiac problems. This is why early recognition and treatment is so important.

Long-term effects of Lyme disease

Although many people recover from treatment, some may experience long-term symptoms, known as post-Lyme disease syndrome. In such cases, continued medical monitoring is recommended.

Summary

Migratory erythema is an important sign of Lyme disease that requires prompt medical attention. Early recognition and treatment can prevent serious complications. If you notice suspicious skin lesions after a tick bite, consult your doctor.

Bibliography

Scientific sources and reference materials on erythema migrans and Lyme disease are available in the medical literature and on specialised websites.